B.E / B.Tech Civil Final year Project

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

3. SURVEY OF SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

4. BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

5. ORIENTATION

6. DETAILS OF COLUMN

7. DETAILS OF BEAM

8. DETAILS OF FOOTING

9. DETAILS OF FOUNDATION

10. DETAILS OF SLAB

11. DETAILS OF STAIRCASE

12. DESING CRITERIA FOR SLAB & BEAM

13. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

I performed most of the same duties which a civil engineers performs as a civil engineer, only under supervision of a licensed, registered, experienced civil engineer. The purpose of a civil engineer trainee position is to train a newly graduated and licensed engineer how to correctly perform all job duties while in a safe environment that allows for guidance and learning.

I learned how to analyze any situation and take correct decisions, take field tests, to adopt safety measures, and research in order to complete engineering projects that are limited in scope. As experiences grows, so do the complexity of tasks, while supervision diminishes.

SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place where there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is indication of future development or not in case of un developed area.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

• Access to park &playground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.

• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

Reconnaissance survey :- The following has been observed during reconnaissance survey of the site.

• Site is located nearly.

• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the entire area.

• No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.

• The ground is soft.

• Labour available near by the site.

• Houses are located near by the site.

Detailed survey :- The detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the required areas of the site with the help of theodolite and compass.

BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around hospital building.

• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

• Provisions for safety from explosion.

• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

• Requirements for landscaping.

• Size of structural elements.

ORIENTATION

After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.

The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat

• Wind direction

• Humidity

• Rain fall

• Intensity of wind site condition

• Lightings and ventilation

SOLAR HEAT :- Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION :- The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to the maximum extent.

HUMIDITY :- High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more discomfort.

RAIN FALL :- Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the site and building and hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.

INTENSITY OF WIND :- Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS :- Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular direction.

LIGHTING :- Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to promote the work or other activities carried on within the building. The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in conjunction to interest and of well beings.

VENTILATION :- Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation. A sensation of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen is the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction.

PLAN

GENERAL SPECIFICATION

GROUND AREA :- 1516.38Sq.M.

FIRST FLOOR AREA :- 1345.62Sq.M.

SECOND FLOOR AREA :- 1345.62Sq.M.

TOTAL BUILT UP.AREA :- 6898.86Sq.M.

FOOTING :- R.C.C. FOOTING & FOUNDATION.

STRUCTURE :- R.C.C. FRAMED STRUCTURE.

WALL :- CHIMNEY BURNT BRICKS/C.R . MASONARY.

ROOF :- R.C.C. FLAT & SLOPING ROOF WITH WATER- PROOF TREATMENT.

FLOORING :- FLOORING/LOCAL SAND STONE.

DOOR PANEL :- 35 MM THICK FLUSH DOOR.

DORMITORY DOORS :- 35 MM TH. FLY –INESH SHUTTER.

FITTINGS :- M S FITTINGS ON DOORS/WINDOWS .

WINDOW PANELS :- 4 MM THICKNESS CLEAR GLASS PANEL OUTSIDE WITH Z-SECTIONS.

FRAME :- FLY-PROOF SHUTTER INSIDE FITTED IN 20 MM THICKNESS JUNGLE WOOD BATTEN/M.S. FLATS.

VENTILATORS :- HONEY –COMB MASONARY VENTILLATORS.

RAILING :- M.S RAILLING APPROVED.

PAINTS :- ENAMEL PAINT ON FRAME OF DOOR/WINDOW/GRILL ETC OF APPROVED COLOUR.

WARDROBES :- 20-25 MM THICKNESS STONE SHELVES,SHUTTER SOLID CORE WITH ALUMINIUM FITTINGS.

ANTI –TERMITE TREATMENT :- IN WHOLE BUILDING

SANITARY-WARE :- C.P. FITTINGS, CI/SW PIPES FOR SANITARY

WATER –SUPPLY TANK :- G.I. PIPE FOR WATER SUPPLY HDFF (SINTEX) WATER TANK.

VIEW OF WORKING BUILDING

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R.C.C. RECTANGULAR COLUMN

FORMWORK (AS PER I.S. 456:2000)

NECESSITY OF FORMWORK :-

THE FORMWORK SHALL BE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED SO AS TO REMAIN SUFFICIENTLY RIGID DURING PLACING AND COMPACTION OF CONCRETE AND SHALL BE SUCH AS TO PREVENT LOSS OF SLURRY FROM THE CONCRETE.

CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMWORK :-

THE FACE OF FORM WORK IN CONTACT WITH THE CONCRETE SHALL BE CLEANED AND TREATED WITH FORM RELEASE AGENT. RELEASE AGENTS SHOULD BE APPLIED SO AS TO PROVIDE A THIN UNIFORM COATING TO THE FORM WITHOUT COATING THE REINFORCEMENT.

STRIPPING TIME:-

FORM SHALL NOT BE RELEASED UNTILL THE CONCRETE HAS ACHIVED A STRENGTH OF ATLEAST TWICE THE STRESS TO WHICH THE CONCRETE MAY BE SUBJECTED AT THE TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWORK.

STRIPPING TIME

S.NO	TYPE OF FORMWORK	MINIMUM PERIOD BEFORE STRIKING FORMWORK
(1)	VERTICAL FORMWORK TO COLUMNS	16-24 hr
(2)	SOFFIT FORMWORK TO SLAB	3 DAYS
(3)	SOFFIT FORMWORK TO BEAM	7 DAYS
(4)	PROPS TO SLAB SPANNING UPTO 4.5 M SPANNING ABOVE 4.5 M	7 DAYS 14 DAYS
(5)	PROPS TO SLAB SPANNING UPTO 6 M SPANNING ABOVE 6 M	14 DAYS 21 DAYS

CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING MIX PROPORTION:-

(AS PER I.S. 456:2000)

THE MIX PROPORTIONS SHALL BE SELECTED TO ENSURE THE WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE AND WHEN CONCRETE IS HARDENED, IT SHALL HAVE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH, DURABILITY AND SURFACE FINISH.

THE DETERMINATION OF CEMCENT, SAND, AGREEGATE & WATER TO ATTAIN THE REQUIRED STRENGTHS SHALL BE MADE AS FOLLOW-

(A) BY DESIGNING THE CONCRETE MIX; SUCH CONCRETE SHALL BE CALLED ‘DESIGN MIX CONCRETE’.

(B) BY ADOPTING NOMINAL CONCRETE MIX; SUCH CONCRETE SHALL BE CALLED ‘NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE’.

STANDARD VALUES OF DIFFERENT ITEMS OF CONCRETE

(AS PER IS 456 : 2000)

GRADE OF CONCRETE	PROPORTION	TOTAL QUANTITY OF DRY AGREEGATES BY MASS PER 50 kg OF CEMENT	PROPORTION OF FINE AGG TO COARSE AGGREGATE	QUANTITY OF WATER PER 50 kg OF CEMENT (lit)
M5	1:5:10	800	GENERALLY 1:2 BUT SUBJECT TO AN UPPER LIMIT OF 1:1½ AND A LOWER LIMIT OF 1:2½	60
M7.5	1:4:8	625		45
M10	1:3:6	480		34
M15	1:2:4	330		32
M20	1:1 ½:3	250		30

NOTE :- ( IN ABOVE TABLE “M” SHOWS MIX DESIGN & 5,10,15,20,25 SHOWS THEIR CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRTE IN 28 DAYS)

IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES

(AS PER IS 456:2000)

S.NO	OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION	UDL (KN/m2)	CONCENTRATED LAOD (KN)
1.	RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (I) DWELLING HOUSES (ii) HOTELS, HOSTELS, BOARDING HOUSES, RESIDENTIAL CLUBS. (III) STORE ROOMS (IV) GARRAGES (V) BALCONIES	2.0-3.0 2.0-4.0 5.0 2.5-5 3	1.8-4.5 1.8-4.5 6.7 9.0 1.5
2.	EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS (I) CLASS ROOMS, RESTAURENTS, OFFICES, STAFF ROOMS, KITCHENS, TOILETS. (II) STORE ROOMS. (III) READING ROOMS. (IV) CORRIDORS, LOBBIES.	2.0-3.0 5 3.0-4.0 4.0	2.7 4.5 4.5 4.5
3.	BUISNESS & OFFICE BUILDINGS (I) BANKING HALLS (II) RECORD ROOMS/ STORE ROOMS	3.0 5.0	2.7 4.5
4.	MERCANTILE BUILDINGS (I) RETAIL SHOPS (II) WHOLESALE SHOPS	4.0 6.0 (MIN)	3.6 4.5 (MIN)
5.	INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS (I) WORK AREAS WITHOUT MACHINERY / EQUIPMENT. (II) CORRIDORS, PASSAGES, STAIRCASE.	2.5 4.0	4.5 4.5
6.	STORAGE BUILDINGS (I) STORAGE ROOMS (II) BOILER ROOMS & PLANT ROOMS	2.4 KN/M2 PER EACH METRE OF STORAGE HEIGHT WITH A MIN OF 7.5 KN/M2 7.5	7.0 4.5

FRONT ELEVATION


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FLY ASH BRICK WALL CONSTRUCTION

CASTING OF COLUMN

LAYING OF REINFORCEMENT FOR STAIR LANDING

SHUTTERING WORK FOR SLAB

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR GROUND FLOOR

(TOTAL AREA = 1516.38 Sq.M)

FLOORING :- KOTA STONE, CERAMIC GLAZED, PAVER BLOCK, CHEQUERRED PRECAST CEMENT CONCRETE TILES, CEMENT BASED WATER PROOFING.

SKIRTING :- KOTA STONE.

WALLS :- PLASTIC EMULSION PAINT, CEREMIC GLAZED.

CEILING :- DIS-TEMPERING WITH OIL BOND.

DOOR :- FLUSH DOOR WITH STEEL FRAME, P.V.C. DOOR SHUTTER WITH STEEL FRAME.

WINDOW :- ALUMINIUM SLIDING GLAZING WITH FRONT M.S. GRILL

GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST FLOOR

(TOTAL AREA = 1345.62 SQM)θΦǿ

S.NO	BEAM)	BEAM B X D (MM)	REINFORCEMENT CONTINUOUS BARS		REINFORCEMENT EXTRA BARS		STIRRUPS ALL TWO LEGGED
S.NO	BEAM)	BEAM B X D (MM)	TOP BOTTOM		TOP BOTTOM		L/4 OF SPAN BALANCE OF SPAN
1	PB1	200x300	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	-	-	8MM@150 c/c	8MM@200 c/c
2	PB2	200x300	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	8MM@150 c/c	8MM@200 c/c
3	PB3	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	-	-	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
4	PB4	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
5	PB5	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
6	PB6	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	3-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
7	PB7	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	-	-	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
8	PB8	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
9	PB9	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c

FOOTING SCHEDULE

S.NO.	DESIGNATION	SIZE OF THE FOOTING (MM)	DEPTH OF THE FOOTING (MM)	REINFORECEMENT	CONCRETE GRADE
1	F1	2400X2200	550	12 DIA @ 150MM C/C	M-20
2	F2	2100X2000	450	12 DIA @ 175MM C/C	M-20
3	F3	1900X1700	400	12 DIA @ 200MM C/C	M-20
4	F4	1700X1500	400	10 DIA @ 150MM C/C	M-20
5	F5	1000X1000	300	10 DIA @ 200MM C/C	M-20
6	F6	600X600	200	10 DIA @ 200MM C/C	M-20

COLUMN SCHEDULE

S.NO	COLUMN NO.	COLUMN SIZE	MAIN REINFORECEMENT	SPACING
1	C1	300X500	14-20 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
2	C2	300X500	12-20 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
3	C3	300X500	10-20 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
4	C4	300X400	12-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
5	C5	300X400	10-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
6	C6	300X400	8-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
7	C7	300X300	4-20 ǿ & 4-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
8	C8	200X400	4-16 ǿ & 4-12 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
9	C9	200X400	8-12 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
10	C10	200X200	4-12 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C

NOTE-

1. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE AS :-

COLUMN - 40 MM

FOOTING - 50MM

SLAB - 20MM

BEAM - 30MM

2. LAP LENGTH IN REINFORCEMENT BAR SHALL BE CLAUSE 25.2.5.1OF IS 456:2000

3. SOILBEARING CAPACITY HAS BE WRITTEN AS 15 TON AT A DEPTH OF 1.65 M AS PER INFORMATION PROVIDED.

4. BUILDING HAS BE DESIGNED FOR SESMIC ZONE AS PER IS 1983 PART II-2002

5. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

MIX IN TENSION IN COMPRESSION

M-20 30 MM ǿ 24MM ǿ

MESH FOR COLUMNS

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION

1. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE AS :-

COLUMN - 40 MM

FOOTING - 50MM

SLAB - 20MM

BEAM - 30MM

2. ANCHORAGE LENGTH IN REINFORCEMENT BAR SHALL BE CLAUSE 25.2.5.1 OF IS 456:2000

3. SOILBEARING CAPACITY HAS BE WRITTEN AS 15 TON AT A DEPTH OF 1.65 M AS PER DESIGNED FOR SESMIC ZONE AS PER IS 1983 PART II-2002 AND WIND CODE 1997.

IN THIS SITE WE FOUND TYPES OF SOIL SOTHAT WE COULD FOUND SBC OF THIS SOIL. WE OBSERVED THAT HERE TWO TYPES OF FOOTINGS ARE USED -

1. COMBINED FOOTING

2. SPREAD FOOTING.

(1) COMBINED FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING WHICH SUPPRTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IS TERMED AS A COMBINED FOOTING. SUCH A FOOTING IS PROVIDED WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS ARE EITHER VERY NEAR TO EACH OTHER OR OVERLAP. COMBINED FOOTING MAY EITHER BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL.

(2) SPREAD FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING OR SIMPLY FOOTING IS A TYPE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION USED TO TRANSMIT THE LOAD OF AN ISOLATED COLUMN OR THAT OF A WALL, ON THE SUBSOIL.

SQUARE COLUMN FOOTING

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COLUMN (AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCTION :- A COLUMN OR STRUT IS A COMPRESSION MEMBER. WHEN A MEMBER CARRYING MAINLY AXIAL LOAD IS VERTICAL, IT IS A TERMED AS ‘COLUMN’ WHILE IF IT IS A INCLINED COLUMN, IT IS TERMED AS A ‘STRUT’.

SLENDERNESS RATIO :- IT IS A THE RATIO OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF THE COLUMN TO LEAST LATERAL DIMENSION.

S.R. = Lef/ b

TYPES OF COLUMNS :-

Lef/ b < 12

(a) SHORT COLUMN :- THE COLUMN IS CONSIDERED AS SHORT WHEN THE SLENDERNESS RATIO OF COLUMN IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 12.

(b) LONG COLUMN :- THE COLUMN IS CONSIDERED AS SHORT WHEN THE SLENDERNESS RATIO OF COLUMN IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 12.

Lef/ b > 12

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF THE COLUMN

(AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCTION :- THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF A COLUMN IS DEFINED AS THE COLUMN WHICH TAKES PART IN BUCKLIN UNDER THE ACTION OF THE LOADS. THIS IS ALSO DEFINED AS THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE OF THE BUCKLED COLUMN.

THE UNSUPPORTED LENGTH OF THE COLUMN IS THE CLEAR LENGTH OR HEIGHT BETWEEN THE FLOOR AND THE LOWER LEVEL OF THE CEILING .

S.NO	DIFFERENT END CONDITIONS OF THE COLUMN	THEORETICAL VALUE OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH	RECOMMENDED VALUE OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH
1.	BOTH ENDS ARE FIXED	0.5L	0.65L
2.	BOTH ENDS ARE HINGED	1.0L	1.0L
3.	FIXED AT ONE END & HINGED AT OTHER END	0.7L	0.8L
4.	FIXED AT ONE END & FREE AT OTHER END	2.0L	2.0L

BEAM (AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCTION :- THOUGH PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH , IT’S TENSILE STRENGTH IS RELATIVELY LOW, THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IS ABOUT 10% TO 15% OF IT’S COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.

HENCE, IF A BEAM IS MADE OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE, IT HAS A VERY LOW LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY SINCE IT’S LOW TENSILE STRENGTH LIMITS ITS OVEERALL STRENGTH. IT IS THEREFORE REINFORCED BY PLACING STEEL BARS IN THE TENSILE ZONE OF THE CONCRETE BEAM SOTHAT THE COMPRESSIVE BENDING STRESS IS CARRIED BY CONCRETE AND TENSILE BENDING STRESS IS CARRIED ENTIRELY BY STEEL REINFORCING BARS.

THE JOINT ACTION OF STEEL AND CONCRETE IN A REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION IS DEPENDENT OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS-

(I) BOND BETWEEN CONCRETE AND STEEL BARS.

(2) ABSENCE OF CORROSION OF STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN THE CONCRETE.

(3) THERMAL EXPANSION OF BOTH CONCRETE AND STEEL.

TYPES OF BEAMS (AS PER IS 456:2000)

(1) SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM :- SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION THE REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED TO CARE TENSION IN THE BOTTOM OF THE BEAM. IT IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES-

(a) BALANCED SECTION :- WHEN THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION IS EQUAL TO THE THE BENDING MOMENT THAN IT IS A BALANCED SECTION.

(b) UNDER REINFORCED SECTION :- WHEN THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION IS LESS THEN THE BENDING MOMENT THAN IT IS A UNDER REINFORCED SECTION.

(C) OVER REINFORCED SECTION :- WHEN THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION IS MORE THEN THE BENDING MOMENT THAN IT IS A UNDER REINFORCED SECTION.

(2) DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM :- DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION IS TO BE DESIGNED TO RESTRICT THE DEPTH OF BEAM IN CASE OF HEAD ROOM CONDITION OR IF THE BENDING MOMENT IS MORE THAN 25% OF MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION THAN DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION IS TO BE DESIGNED. IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM REINFORCEMENT IS TO BE PROVIDED BOTH IN COMPRESSION AND TENSION ZONES.

(a) CANTILEVER BEAM

(b) CONTINUOUS BEAM

COMBINED FOOTING

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FOOTING

INTRODUCTION :- FOOTING IS THAT PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION WHICH ULTIMETELY DELIVERS THE LOAD OF THE SOIL AND IS THUS IN CONTACT WITH IT.

TYPES OF FOOTINGS :-

(1) SPREAD FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING OR SIMPLY FOOTING IS A TYPE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION USED TO TRANSMIT THE LOAD OF AN ISOLATED COLUMN OR THAT OF A WALL, ON THE SUBSOIL.

(2) COMBINED FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING WHICH SUPPRTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IS TERMED AS A COMBINED FOOTING. SUCH A FOOTING IS PROVIDED WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS ARE EITHER VERY NEAR TO EACH OTHER OR OVERLAP. COMBINED FOOTING MAY EITHER BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL.

(3) STRAP OR CANTILEVER FOOTING :- A STRAP FOOTING CONSIST OF SPREAD FOOTING OF TWO COLUMNS CONNECTED BY A STRAP BEAM. THE STRAP BEAM DOES NOT REMAIN IN CONTACT WITH SOIL AND THUS DOES NOT TRANSFER ANY PRESSURE TO THE SOIL.

FOUNDATION

INTRODUCTION :- FOUNDATION IS THE STRUCTURE BELOW PLINTH LEVEL OR BETWEEN SUB-SOIL & PLINTH LEVEL. THE FOUNDATION IS TO DISTRIBUTE LOADS COMINGS OVER IT TO THE SUB-SOIL.IT SHOULD ON A STABLE GROUND. IT DISTRIBUTE LOADS AT A SUFFICIENT AREA AND AVOIDS THE UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT OF THE FOUNDATION.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

(1) SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION :- THIS TYPE OF FOUNDATION IS THE SIMPLEST AND COMMONLY USED IN ORDINARY TYPE OF BUILDINGS, THE BASE AREA OF THE FOUNDATION IS WIDENED.

(2) GRILLAGEFOUNDATION :- THIS TYPE OF FOUNDATION CONSIST OF STEEL OR WOODEN JOIST ARRANGED IN STEPPED MANNER. A TRENCH 90 CM TO 150 CM DEE, IS EXCAVATED AND LEVELLED. THEN A LAYER OF 23 CM TO 30 CM OF C.C., 1:2:4 IS SPREAD AND COMPACTED. OVER THIS CONCRETE STEEL I-BEAMS ARE LAID AND ARE PLACED AT SUITABLE INTERVAL OF 45CM TO 90 CM. THE LENGTH OF I-BEAMS EQUAL TO THE WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION.

(3) PILE FOUNDATION :- PILE IS AN ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION PLACED IN THE GROUND EITHER VERTICALLY OR SLIGHTLY INCLINED TO INCREASE THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL.IT IS USED WHEN SOIL IS VERY SOFT OR GRILLAGE FOUNDATION IS EXPENSIVE OR BUILDING IS VERY HEAVY OR THE BUILDING IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED AT A SEA-SHORE OR RIVER BED.

(4) RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION :- IT IS THE CONTINUOUS SLAB COVERING THE WHOLE AREA LIKE A MAT OR RAFT. IT IS USED IN DAMP SOIL HAVING LOW BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL. IT PREVENT THE BUILDING FROM UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT OR SINKING.

(5) WELL FOUNDATION :- THIS TYPE OF FOUNDATION IS USUALLY ADOPTED IN THE CONATRUCTION OF BRIDGES AND LONG SPAN CULVERTS OR IN SANDY SOIL IN WATER.

(6) STEPPED OR BENCHED FOUNDATION :- IN THIS METHOD THE FOUNDATION IS PROVIDED IN FORM OF STEP OF CONCRETE. THE HEIGHT OF EACH STEP IS KEPT UNIFORM.

SLAB CASTING

SLAB (AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCION :- IN REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, THE SLAB IS USED STRUCTURAL ELEMENT FORMING FLOORS AND ROOMS OF THE BUILDING.

A CONCRETE IS THE PLAIN ELEMENT HAVIMG THE DEPTH D MUCH SMALLER THAN IT’S SPAN AND WIDTH. IT MAY BE SUPPORTED BY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS, BY MASONARY WALLS OR COLUMNS. IT CARRIES UDL AND TRANSFER IT TO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT.

TYPES OF SLAB :-

Ly / Lx > 2

(I) ONE-WAY SLAB

Ly / Lx < 2

(II) TWO-WAY SLAB

NOTE:- (Ly = LONGER SPAN)

(Lx = SHORTER SPAN)

(III) FLAT SLAB

(IV) CIRCULAR AND NON-RECTANGULAR SLAB

(V) GRID OR WAFFLE SLAB

STAIRCASE

INTRODUCTION:- A STAIRCASE CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF STEPS ARRANGED IN A SERIES, WITH LANDING AT APPROPRIATE LOCATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF GIVING ACCESS TO DIFFERENT FLOORS OF A BUILDING. THE WIDTH OF A STAIRCASE GENERALLY KEPT 1M FOR RESIDENTIAL & 2M FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

TYPES OF STAIRS :-

(1) STRAIGHT STAIR :- A STRAIGHT FLIGHT IS ONE IN WHICH ALL STEPS ARE PARALLEL TO ONE AND ANOTHER AND RISES IN THE SAME DIRECTION.

(2) DOG-LEGGED STAIR :- A DOG LEGGED SAIR IS CALLED FROM ITS BEING BENT OR CROOKED SUDDENLY ROUND IN FANCIED RESEMBLANCE TO DOG’S LEG.

(3) OPEN WELL STAIR :- AN OPEN WELL STAIR GIVES SATISFACTORY RESULTS AND HENCE IT SHOULD BE TRIED TO PROVIDE AN OPEN WELL STAIR IT REQUIRES A LITTLE MORE SPACE THEN A DOG LEGGED STAIR.

(4) GEOMETRICAL STAIRS :- SUCH A STAIR REQUIRES LITTLE MORE WIDTH, BUT ONLY ABOUT THE SAME LENGTH OF A SPACE AS A DOG LEGGED STAIR.

(5) CIRCULAR STAIRS :- CIRCULAR STAIRS ARE GENERALLY PROVIDED AT THE BACK SIDE OF THE BUILDING FOR RENDERING ACCESS TO IT’S VARIOUS FLOORS FOR SERVICE PURPOSE. THIS TYPE OF STAIR MOSTLY CONSTRUCTED IN R.C.C. AND IRON.

(6) BIFURCATED STAIR :- THIS TYPE OF STAIR IS VERY COMMON IN PUBLIC BUILDING IN IT THE BOTTOM WIDE FLIGHT IS DIVIDED AT A LANDING INTO TWO NARROWER FLIGHTS WHICH BRANCH OFF TO THE RIGHT AND LEFT.

NOTE :- (THE MAX NO. OF STEPS IN ONE FLIGHT SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 12)

TERMS USED IN STAIR CASE

(1) TREAD :- IT IS THE HORIZONTAL MEMBER WHICH FORMS THE UPPER SURFACE OF A STEP.

(2) RISER :- IT IS THE FRONT VERTICAL PORTION OF A STEP TO WHICH THE TREAD IS CONNECTED.

(3) PITCH :- IT IS THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE PITCH LINE AND THE HORIZONTAL.

(4) NOSING :- IT IS THE PROJECTED EDGE OF A TREAD USUALLY MOULDED.

(5) FLIGHT :- A CONTINUOUS SERIES OF STEPS EXTENDING FROM FLOOR TO FLOOR, OR FLOOR TO LANDING, OR LANDING TO LANDING, IS KNOWN AS FLIGHT.

(6) GOING :- GOING OR RUN OF THE STEP IS THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE FACES OF THE CONSECUTIVE RISERS.

(7) BALUSTERS :- THE VERTICAL MEMBER WHICH SUPPORTS THE HANDRAIL AND PROTECT TO OPEN SIDE.

(8) HANDRAIL :- IT IS MOULDED MEMBER RUNNING PARALLEL TO THE NOSING LINE OR LANDNG.

(9) SPRINGER :- IT IS THE INCLINED MEMBER LAID PARALLEL TO THE NOSING LINE OR LANDING.

(10) PITCH LINE :- THE LINE JOINING THE INTERSECTION OF THE FACE OF EACH RISERS AND THE TOP OF EACH TREAD IS CALLED THE PITCH LINE.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BEAMS & SLABS

(AS PER IS 456 : 2000)

(1) EFFECTIVE SPAN :-

(a) SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OR SLAB :- THE EFFECTIVE SPAN OF A MEMBER THAT IS NOT BUILT INTEGRALLY WITH IT’S SUPPORTS SHALL BE TAKEN AS CLEAR SPAN PLUS THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF BEAM OR SLAB OR CENTRE TO CENTRE OF SUPPORTS, WHICHEVER IS LESS.

(b) CONTINUOUS BEAM OR SLAB :- IN THIA CASE, IF THE WIDTH OF THE SUPORT IS LESS THEN 1/12 OF THE CLEAR SPAN, THE EFFECTIVE SPAN SHALL BE AS IN (a). IF THE SUPPORTS ARE WIDER THEN 1/12 OF THE CLEAR SPAN OR 600 MM WHICHEVER IS LESS.

(C) CANTILEVER :- THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF CANTILEVER SHALL BE TAKEN SD IT’S LENGTH TO THE FACE OF THE SUPPORT PLUS HALF THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH.

(2) CONTROL OF DEFLECTION :- BASICVALUES OF SPAN TO DEPTH RATIOS FOR SPAN UPTO 10M

CANTILEVER 7

SIMPLY SUPPORTED 20

CONTINUOUS 26

(3) SLENDERNESS RATIO :- S.R IS TAKEN 60b OR 250b^2/d WHICHEVER IS LESS FOR SIMPLY & CONTINUOUS SLAB. BUT FOR CANTILEVER THE CLEAR DISTANCE FROM THE FREE END OF THE CANTILEVER TO THE LATERAL RESTRAINT SHALL NOT BE EXCEED 25b OR 100b^2/d WHICHEVER IS LESS.

(4) SHEAR REINFORCEMENT :- SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED IN FOLLOWING OF THE FORM.

(A) VERTICAL STIRRUPS

(B) BENT UP BARS ALONG WITH STIRRUPS

(C)INCLINED STIRRUPS

(5) MAX SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT :- THE MAX. SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.75d FOR VERTICAL STIRRUPS (WHERE d = EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF THE SECTION)

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work. Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams and columns and designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.

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Thursday, May 9, 2019

B.E / B.Tech Civil Final year Project

(I) DWELLING HOUSES

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